Muscle Relaxants 2 To prevent movement and to facilitate the surgical exposure, neuromuscular blocking agents are generally used. These drugs are competitive or noncompetitive inhibitors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine at…
Figure 15-1. Variation in surgical mortality. These circumstances influence both institutional and overall health care delivery. The overwhelming health care spending burden adds pressure to provide efficient, high-quality care. Hospital…
The 20th century brought technical advances in terms of hemostasis and blood transfusion as well as an understanding of the pathophysiology of splenic function.4 The spleen was identified as the…
Figure 59-1. Evolution of cirrhosis. Fibrosis develops in nonregenerative necrotic areas, producing scars. The pattern of nodularity and scars reflects the type of response to injury (e.g., uniform vs. nonuniform…
Figure 49-1. Schematic illustration of different forms of simple mechanical obstruction. Simple obstruction is most often due to adhesion (A), groin hernia (B), or neoplasm (C). The hernia can act…
For the diagnosis of superficial vein thrombophlebitis (SVT), duplex ultrasound is also important.13 In a prospective epidemiologic study, including 844 patients with symptomatic SVT, 210 (24.9%) had concomitant DVT at…
In the ICF, potassium is the dominant cation. Total body potassium is normally approximately 42 mEq/kg, and most of this potassium is intracellular and freely exchangeable. Magnesium and sodium ions…
Figure 105-1. Percentage distribution of childhood solid tumors by age (SEER data, 1975–1995). In the United States, the cancer survival rate in children has improved over time. This is largely…
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPCKD) – also known as infantile polycystic kidney disease – results from mutations in the PKHD1 gene of the chromosomal locus 6p12.2. The classic presentation…
Figure 89-1. Stroke due to carotid bifurcation occlusive disease is usually caused by atheroemboli arising from the internal carotid artery, which provides the majority of blood flow to the cerebral…
