Key points • The worldwide prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has risen over recent decades, paralleling industrial and urban growth. • Airborne pollutants induce oxidative damage at the skin interface…
Key points • Patients with atopic dermatitis are more susceptible to developing irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) and allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). • ICD can present with phenotypic subtypes such as…
Key points • The four layers of the epidermis—stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale—are composed of keratinocytes, which undergo differentiation and mature as they become more superficial…
Key points • The human microbiome consists of a wide variety of microorganisms that assist in key physiologic processes. • The majority of microbial diversity is found on the skin…
Key points • Atopy of the skin is manifested as atopic dermatitis (atopic eczema). • Histologically, the atopy of the skin is characterized by epidermal and dermal infiltration predominantly by…
Key points • Atopic dermatitis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the skin, with both genetic and environmental etiologies. • The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is increasing…
Key points • Although the original term atopy provides a general framework of understanding about allergic clinical conditions, this big umbrella now includes a group of patients who have heterogeneous…
Key points • From the historic perspective, atopic dermatitis has gone through several evolutionary periods of understanding and development. • From ancient times to the 18th century, medical communities started…
Introduction Since the earliest days of the pandemic, it became obvious that patients with pre-existing comorbidities were at high risk for developing severe COVID-19 disease, prolonged hospitalization, respiratory failure, and…
