Ependymoma
Fig. 5.1 Molecular subgroups of posterior fossa ependymoma, as described by Witt et al., Wani et al., and Johnson et al. Group A, Group 1, and clusters G, H, and…
16 Laboratory Tests
Definition 1,5-Anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG), sometimes known as GlycoMark, is a monosaccharide that shows a structural similarity to glucose. Its main source in humans is dietary ingestion, particularly meats and cereals. In…
17 Infectious Disease Assays
Definition and Use Smears of patient specimens are stained and examined for the presence of mycobacteria. They may provide early evidence of TB or other mycobacterial diseases. Certain dyes bind…
9 Hematologic Disorders
RED BLOOD CELL DISORDERS ANEMIAS Definition Anemia is a reduction in Hb leading to decrease in oxygen supply to peripheral tissues. Normal hemoglobin (Hb) range is established by population studies,…
5 Digestive Diseases
DISEASE STATES ASSOCIATED WITH ABDOMINAL PAIN (ACUTE AND CHRONIC) Definition Acute abdomen is defined as an episode of severe abdominal pain that lasts several hours or longer and requires medical…
13 Respiratory, Metabolic, and Acid–Base Disorders
RESPIRATORY DISORDERS Respiratory diseases include diseases of the lung, pleural cavity, bronchial tubes, trachea, and upper respiratory tract and diseases of the nerves and muscles of breathing. These conditions range…
12 Renal Disorders
Definition Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously known as acute renal failure (ARF), is characterized by a rapid decline in kidney function that limits its ability to maintain homeostasis and eliminate…
3 Cardiovascular Disorders
CHEST PAIN CHEST PAIN: ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES Definition Chest pain accounts for over 6 million annual emergency department visits and 3 million hospital admissions in the United States. The differential…
10 Hereditary and Genetic Diseases
OVERVIEW MOLECULAR DIAGNOSIS: TYPES OF GENETIC TESTING Diagnostic genetic testing: Confirmatory test for symptomatic individuals. Presymptomatic genetic testing: Carried out in people without symptoms for estimating the risk of developing…
4 Central Nervous System Disorders
DISORDERS OF COGNITION AND DEMENTIA INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY Definition Intellectual disability (ID) is defined by the DSM-IV1 as significant subaverage intellectual function, significant limitations in adaptive functioning, and onset before 18…
