6: DIURETICS
Diuretics ACTIONS Loop diuretics inhibit sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) reabsorption through direct action primarily in the ascending loop of Henle but also in the proximal and distal tubules. Thiazide…
BASIC PRINCIPLES
Basic Principles Basic principles are often perceived as the most challenging aspect of learning pharmacology. While possibly conceptually difficult, this subject is absolutely key to gain understanding how medications…
CARDIOVASCULAR/RENAL AGENTS
Cardiovascular/Renal Agents ANTIARRHYTHMIC (ANTIDYSRRHYTHMIC) AGENTS Describe what happens during each of the following phases of the cardiac action potential for fast-response fibers: Phase 0 Sodium ion channels open…
MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS IN PHARMACOLOGY
Miscellaneous Topics in Pharmacology IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS What are the main targets of immunosuppressive agents? Inhibition of gene expression; inhibition of lymphocyte signaling and activation; depletion of proliferating lymphocytes;…
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS AND p-AMINOPHENOL DERIVATIVES (ACETAMINOPHEN)
Anti-inflammatory Agents and p-Aminophenol Derivatives (Acetaminophen) Eicosanoids (inflammatory mediators) are synthesized from what chemical compound? Arachidonic acid Give two examples of eicosanoids: Leukotrienes (LTs) Prostaglandins (PGs) How…
ENDOCRINE AGENTS
Endocrine Agents AGENTS FOR DIABETES MELLITUS What are the two general categories of drugs that are used to treat diabetes mellitus? Insulin Oral hypoglycemic agents Which…
GASTROINTESTINAL AGENTS
Gastrointestinal Agents AGENTS FOR GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE What is the main cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? Decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure What complications may arise from GERD?…
PULMONARY AGENTS
Pulmonary Agents DRUGS FOR ASTHMA What are the classifications of asthma severity? Mild intermittent; mild persistent; moderate persistent; severe persistent What are the main classifications of drugs for…
CNS AGENTS
CNS Agents GENERAL AND LOCAL ANESTHETICS State which stage of anesthesia each of the following descriptions refers to? Delirium; violent behavior; increased blood pressure; increased respiratory rate; irregular…
AUTONOMIC AGENTS
Autonomic Agents CHOLINERGIC AGENTS What are the major subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? It is divided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. What is the…
