Statics of the Body
can be resolved into components in the x, y, and z directions (). In a static condition the sum of the forces in each the x, y, and z directions…
Lungs and Breathing
6 L/min of air, which is the ventilation or inhalation rate. (This is comparable to the 5–6 L of blood pumped per min in the pulmonary circulation through the lungs, which is…
Terminology, the Standard Human, and Scaling
Fig. 1.1 Directions, orientations, and planes used to describe the body in anatomy, along with common coordinate systems described in the text. We will assume both terms in the following…
Feedback and Control
, K, and Ca, (f) volume, (g) osmolality (water/dissolved particle ratio), and (h) the organic nutrient concentrations, such as glucose. Fig. 13.1 Control of the respiratory (ventilation) system during exercise….
Epithelial Cell Abnormalities: Squamous
Fig. 5.1 Nuclear area (LBP, ThinPrep). The nuclear area of an intermediate squamous cell is approximately 35 μm2. This is used as a reference to measure abnormal squamous cells such…
Non-Neoplastic Findings
Fig. 2.1 Superficial squamous cells (LBP, ThinPrep). Admixture of superficial and intermediate squamous cells. The superficial cells have smaller condensed (pyknotic) nuclei. Light brown glycogen is present in the cytoplasm…
Epithelial Abnormalities: Glandular
Fig. 6.1 Atypical endocervical cells, most likely from a reparative process (CP). Routine screen from a 39-year-old woman. Sheet of cells that demonstrate nuclear enlargement, increased nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C)…
Atypical Squamous Cells
Fig. 4.1 ASC-US (LBP, ThinPrep). A 32-year-old woman. Atypical intermediate squamous cells with a nucleus 2−3× the area of a normal intermediate squamous cell nucleus and mild irregularity of nuclear…
Specimen Adequacy
Fig. 1.1 Unsatisfactory due to scant squamous cellularity. Endocervical cells are seen in a honeycomb arrangement (LBP, ThinPrep at 10× magnification) Fig. 1.2 Unsatisfactory – scant cellularity (LBP, SurePath). Although…
Other Malignant Neoplasms
Fig. 7.1 Spindle cell carcinoma (CP). Spindle-shaped nonkeratinizing cells displaying variability in nuclear size, nuclear membrane irregularity, coarse granular chromatin, and conspicuous nucleoli are arranged in a loosely cohesive cluster….
