Psychotherapeutic Drugs
Sites of Drug Action Some antipsychotic drugs (e.g., clozapine, olanzapine, and risperidone) block serotonin 5-HT2 receptors in the mesocortical pathway to the prefrontal lobe cortex. This increases the release of…
Antiepileptic Drugs
Figure 20–1 Patterns on electroencephalogram (EEG) in the normal state and during seizures. The locations of seizure foci are shown as shaded areas on the cerebral hemispheres. (A) In the…
Introduction to Central Nervous System Pharmacology
Figure 18–1 CNS neurotransmission and sites of drug action. CNS drugs act primarily by affecting the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, or degradation of neurotransmitters (NTs) or by activating receptors. NTs…
Adrenoceptor Agonists
Figure 8–1 Primary tissue locations of α-adrenoceptors and β-adrenoceptors. Whereas α1– and β2-adrenoceptors are primarily located in smooth muscle, β1-adrenoceptors are predominantly found in cardiac tissue. Some α2-adrenoceptors are located…
Sedative-Hypnotic and Anxiolytic Drugs
Effects of Drugs on Sleep Architecture The sleep patterns of patients with insomnia vary widely but are often characterized by reduced amounts of slow-wave sleep and by one or more…
Drugs for Heart Failure
Figure 12–1 Pathophysiology and treatment of heart failure. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme. The combination of edema-related hypoxemia and the heart’s failure to pump sufficient blood to adequately perfuse the tissues…
Antiparasitic Drugs
OVERVIEW Endoparasitic infections are extremely common in many parts of the world, particularly in areas where the climate is warm and moist, the sanitation is poor, and insects and other…
Drugs for Respiratory Tract Disorders
Figure 27–1 Pathophysiology of asthma and sites of anti-inflammatory drug action. When allergens activate T cells, cytokine production is stimulated. The cytokines, in turn, trigger the recruitment, activation, and release…
Drugs Affecting Calcium and Bone
Figure 36–1 Calcium and bone metabolism. Vitamin D facilitates calcium absorption from the gut. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) decreases calcium excretion in the urine but increases phosphorus excretion (not shown). Endogenously…
Adrenal Steroids and Related Drugs
Figure 33–1 Biosynthetic pathways for adrenal steroids. (A) Major pathways for mineralocorticoid, glucocorticoid, and androgen biosynthesis are shown. Important enzymes include 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), steroid 21-hydroxylase (P45021), steroid 11β-hydroxylase (P45011β),…
