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6.1 How Does Natural Selection Work? A common approach to natural selection in biology classes is to simulate the process using laboratory organisms such as fruit flies, whose short generation…

. We can also use probability theory to make some general statements about the likelihood of a set of events occurring. For example, if we flip 10 coins, how many…

2.1 Genotype And Allele Frequencies Before getting into the definition, derivation, and application of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, some basic ideas for measuring genetic variation in a population need to be clarified,…

8.1 The Evolutionary Impact of Gene Flow One assumption of Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium is that the population remains closed to other populations; that is, there is no gene flow. In fact,…

Figure 3.2 Genealogy of an inbred reference person (Alice) going back three generations. Squares indicate males; circles, females. Horizontal lines indicate matings, and vertical lines indicate descent from these matings….

4.1 The Nature of Mutations Mutations are random changes in genetic code. Returning to the idea that genetic transmission is the transmission of information, from cell to cell and from…

1.1 The Scope of Population Genetics Before getting too far into the application of population genetics to the human species, it is useful to answer the basic question “What is…

7.1 Case Studies of Natural Selection in Human Populations The following case studies are not meant to represent everything that we know about natural selection in human populations, but instead…