Statistics in Pharmacology*
This distribution provides probability rule for the realisation of r heads out of n tosses. The constant p is the parameter of this distribution, which is the actual probability of…
Statistical Consideration: Design and Approaches for Bioequivalence and Bioavailability Studies*
Here H0 is the bioinequivalence hypothesis and HA is the bioequivalence hypothesis. The values δL and δU, called the lower and upper bioequivalence limits, are standards set by regulatory agencies…
Design and Statistical Analysis of Toxicology Studies*
Table 18.2. Rates (%) needed to be induced in the treated group in order to achieve levels of power of 50% and 90% of detecting an effect based on Fisher’s…
Finding Information in Medical Sciences: Searching the Medical Literature
Figure 21.1. The main search page of MEDLINE®. Scenario The following example is used in order to illustrate how to refine searching techniques to get the most out of a…
Research Methods in Ion Channel Biology
) and prevents the flow of ions between the pipette and the membrane. Transmembrane ion-flux through channels is measured as an electrical current using an electronic amplifier connected to the…
Funding Opportunities in Biomedical Sciences and Preparing a Successful Grant Application
It strongly encourages investigator-initiated research across the spectrum of its mission. The NIH issues hundreds of funding opportunity announcements (FOAs) in the form of programme announcements (PAs) and requests for…
How to Write a Successful Research Proposal: The Science, Art and Economics of It
A grammar book For example, Strunk and White, The Elements of Style A dictionary For example, Merriam-Webster’s or Oxford Collegiate Dictionary A style manual For example, American Medical Association Manual…
Writing a ‘Discussion’ Section in a Medical Article: An Exercise in Critical Thinking and Argumentation*
Were objectives of this research initiative specified in general and more specific terms as well? Let us remember that a distinction should be made between general objectives, that is, points…
Writing Protocols for Preclinical Drug Disposition (ADME) Studies*
Figure 7.1. Various factors affecting design of preclinical drug disposition research protocol. Drivers of Preclinical Drug Disposition Studies Generally, the main driver of preclinical drug disposition studies is a drug…
Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Figure 20.1. Factors involved in designing literature review. The outline of any literature review is a direct product of nature of audience and the novelty factor of the contents, which…
