Skin-Gut-Lung Epithelial Permeability
Key points • The atopic march is a phenomenon characterized by progressive development of atopic dermatitis, food allergy, allergic rhinitis, and later asthma. • The mechanism by which atopic dermatitis…
Clinical Evidence: Internal Factors
Key points • Less than 50% of patients affected with atopic dermatitis have a genetic mutation of the skin barrier protein, filaggrin. Thus additional contributing factors, barrier defects, and beyond…
Neurosensory Mechanisms
Key points • Both itch and pain are very frequent symptoms in patients with atopic dermatitis, with a prevalence of more than 50%. • Patients with atopic dermatitis show neuronal…
Keratinocytes
Key points • Epidermis is the outermost layer of skin surface that forms the first line of defense against invaders from the environment. Keratinocyte is the epidermis’s principle cell type…
Cellular Factors
Key points • Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex disease with various types of leukocytes involved in its pathology. • Multiple subsets of CD4 + helper T cells, which are…
Epigenetics
Key points • There are three major types of epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation, microRNAs, and posttranslational histone modifications. • DNA methylation and microRNAs alter the expression of atopic dermatitis-associated genes…
Humoral Factors
Key points • Allergen-specific B cells are differentiated into plasma cells producing immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Through binding to the receptors (FcεRI and FcεRII), IgE induces cytokine and chemokine production…
Clinical Evidence: External Factors
Key points • The fact that up to 50% of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients have loss-of-function genetic mutations of skin barrier protein filaggrin points to a cutaneous weakness that allows…
Oxidative Stress, Environmental Factors, and Pollutants
Key points • The worldwide prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) has risen over recent decades, paralleling industrial and urban growth. • Airborne pollutants induce oxidative damage at the skin interface…
