Adult bones of the left upper limb – A from the front; B from behind
1 Head of humerus
2 Lesser tubercle
3 Greater tubercle
4 Interterbercular sulcus
5 Surgical neck
6 Shaft of humerus
7 Radial fossa
8 Coronoid fossa
9 Medial epicondyle
10 Lateral epicondyle
11 Capitulum
12 Trochlea
13 Head of radius
14 Neck of radius
15 Tuberosity
16 Shaft of radius
17 Ulnar notch
18 Styloid process
19 Coronoid process of ulna
20 Supinator crest of ulna
21 Shaft of ulna
22 Head of ulna
23 Eight carpal bones of hand
24 Five (I–V) metacarpal bones of hand
25 Two phalanges of thumb
26 Twelve phalanges of fingers
27 Anatomical neck of humerus
28 Olecranon fossa
29 Dorsal tubercle of radius
30 Olecranon of ulna
31 Styloid process of ulna
Coronal section through the left shoulder joint – from the front
1 Anatomical neck of humerus
2 Greater tubercle of humerus
3 Surgical neck of humerus
4 Deltoid
5 Shaft of humerus
6 Brachial artery and vein
7 Nerves of brachial plexus
8 Tendon of teres major
9 Latissimus dorsi
10 Medial circumflex scapular artery and vein
11 Posterior circumflex artery and vein
12 Axillary nerve
13 Long head of triceps
14 Teres minor
15 Subscapularis
16 Head of scapula
17 Glenoid fossa of scapula
18 Coracoid process of scapula
19 Glenoid labrum
20 Cavity of shoulder joint
21 Head of humerus
22 Neck of scapula
23 Suprascapular nerve
24 Suprascapular vessels
25 Supraspinatus
26 Acromial end of clavicle
27 Acromioclavicular joint
28 Acromion of scapula
1 Investing layer of lateral cervical fascia
2 Platysma
3 Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid
4 Sternoclavicular joint
5 Suprasternal notch
6 Manubrium of sternum
7 Body of sternum
8 Body of clavicle
9 Acromioclavicular joint
10 Deltoid
11 Axillary vein
12 Subclavian vein
13 Cephalic vein in deltopectoral triangle
14 Position of coracoid process of scapula
15 Clavicular part of pectoralis major
16 Sternocostal part of pectoralis major
17 Common origin of pectoralis major
18 Thoraco-acromial vessels and lateral pectoral nerve
19 Pectoralis minor
20 Axillary lymph nodes (cluster)
21 Serratus anterior
22 Thoracodorsal artery and long thoracic nerve
23 Latissimus dorsi
24 Biceps
1 Laryngeal prominence of thyroid cartilage
2 Sternohyoid
3 Superior belly of omohyoid
4 Thyrohyoid
5 Sternal head of sternocleidomastoid
6 Clavicular head of sternocleidomastoid
7 Transverse cervical nerve
8 Great auricular nerve
9 Splenius capitis
10 Levator scapulae
11 Accessory nerve
12 Scalenus medius
13 Superficial cervical artery
14 Inferior belly of omohyoid
15 Scalenus anterior
16 Thyrocervical trunk
17 Body of clavicle
18 Upper trunk of brachial plexus
19 Subclavian artery
20 Accessory phrenic nerve
21 Subclavian vein
22 Inferior thoracic artery
23 Brachial plexus
24 Deltoid
25 Pectoralis minor
26 Pectoralis major
27 Subscapularis
28 Teres major
29 Latissimus dorsi
30 Axillary vein
31 Axillary artery
32 Musculocutaneous nerve
33 Short head of biceps fused with coracobrachialis
34 Pectoralis major (common origin)
35 Long head of biceps
36 Coracobrachialis
37 Brachial artery
38 Median nerve
39 Ulnar nerve
40 Triceps
41 Biceps
Left brachial plexus and axilla I – from the front
1 Rectus abdominis
2 Sternocostal part of pectoralis major
3 Clavicular part of pectoralis major
4 Body of clavicle
5 Subclavius
6 Pectoralis minor
7 Deltoid
8 Pectoralis major (common origin)
9 Coracobrachialis and short head of biceps
10 Lateral cord of brachial plexus
11 Axillary artery
12 Axillary vein
13 Lateral thoracic artery
14 Musculocutaneous nerve
15 Median nerve
16 Brachial artery
17 Ulnar nerve
18 Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
19 Subscapularis
20 Thoracodorsal nerve
21 Axillary lymph node
22 Thoracodorsal artery
23 Latissimus dorsi
24 Teres major
25 Serratus anterior
The cords of the brachial plexus – located around the axillary artery are:
➤ Lateral cord – major branches: the musculocutaneous nerve, lateral root of the median nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve.
➤ Medial cord – major branches: the ulnar nerve, medial root of the median nerve, the medial pectoral nerve and the medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm.
➤ Posterior cord – major branches: the radial nerve, axillary nerve, subscapular nerves and thoracodorsal nerve.
Left brachial plexus and axilla II – from the front
1 Rectus abdominis
2 Sternocostal part of pectoralis major
3 Clavicular part of pectoralis major
4 Body of clavicle
5 Subclavius
6 Pectoralis minor
7 Deltoid
8 Pectoralis major (common origin)
9 Coracobrachialis and short head of biceps
10 Axillary vein
11 Axillary artery
12 Posterior cord of brachial plexus
13 Lateral cord of brachial plexus
14 Medial cord of brachial plexus
15 Lateral thoracic artery
16 Ulnar nerve
17 Median nerve
18 Brachial artery
19 Axillary nerve
20 Radial nerve
21 Musculocutaneous nerve
22 Subscapularis
23 Thoracodorsal nerve
24 Axillary lymph node
25 Latissimus dorsi
26 Long thoracic nerve
27 Teres major
28 Serratus anterior
Coronal section through the left elbow joint – from the front
1 Ulnar nerve
2 Medial head of triceps
3 Shaft of humerus
4 Radial nerve
5 Lateral head of triceps
6 Brachioradialis
7 Annular ligament
8 Supinator
9 Extensor carpi radialis longus
10 Capitulum of humerus
11 Medial epicondyle of humerus
12 Trochlea of humerus
13 Coronoid process of ulna
14 Head of radius
15 Neck of radius
16 Tendon of biceps
17 Shaft of radius
18 Flexor carpi ulnaris
19 Flexor digitorum profundus
20 Extensor carpi radialis brevis
The elbow joint:
➤ Is formed between the lower end of the humerus and upper ends of the ulna and radius.
➤ The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna, and the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the upper surface of the head of the radius.
➤ The head of the radius and the ulna also articulate with one another to form the proximal radio-ulnar joint where they are held together by the annular ligament.
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