II VERTEBRAL COLUMN, SPINAL CORD, SKELETON AND TRUNK

Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord, Skeleton and Trunk

Adult skeleton of the vertebral column – from the left

Cervical vertebra

1 First (CI) – atlas

2 Second (CII) – axis

3 Third (CIII)

4 Fourth (CIV)

5 Fifth (CV)

6 Sixth (CVI)

7 Seventh (CVII) – vertebra prominens

Thoracic vertebra

1 First (TI)

2 Second (TII)

3 Third (TIII)

4 Fourth (TIV)

5 Fifth (TV)

6 Sixth (TVI)

7 Seventh (TVII)

8 Eighth (TVIII)

9 Ninth (TIX)

10 Tenth (TX)

11 Eleventh (TXI)

12 Twelfth (TXII)

Lumbar vertebra

1 First (LI)

2 Second (LII)

3 Third (LIII)

4 Fourth (LIV)

5 Fifth (LV)

Sacrum 1–5

Normally formed from the fusion of five sacral vertebra (sacral vertebrae I–V).

Coccyx 1–4

Normally formed by fusion of four rudimentary vertebra (but variable three to five) (coccygeal vertebrae I–IV).

Adult skeleton, with long bones of the left upper and lower limb removed – from the left

1 Nasal bone

2 Frontal bone

3 Parietal bone

4 Sphenoid

5 Temporal bone

6 Occipital bone

7 Zygomatic bone

8 Maxilla

9 Mandible

10 First (CI) cervical vertebra – atlas

11 Second (CII) cervical vertebra – axis

12 Seventh (CVII) cervical vertebra – vertebra prominens

13 First (TI) thoracic vertebra

14 Spine of scapula

15 Medial border of scapula

16 Lateral border of scapula

17 Glenoid cavity of scapula

18 Acromion of scapula

19 Acromial end of clavicle

20 Manubrium of sternum

21 Manubriosternal joint

22 Body of sternum

23 First (I) rib

24 Second (II) rib

25 Third (III) rib

26 Fourth (IV) rib

27 Fifth (V) rib

28 Sixth (VI) rib

29 Seventh (VII) rib

30 Eighth (VIII) rib

31 Ninth (IX) rib

32 Tenth (X) rib

33 Eleventh (XI) rib

34 Twelfth (XII) rib

35 Second (LII) lumbar vertebra

36 Fourth (LIV) lumbar vertebra

37 Fifth (LV) lumbar vertebra

38 Hip bone

39 Iliac crest

40 Posterior inferior iliac spine

41 Greater sciatic notch

42 Sacrum

43 Anterior superior iliac spine

44 Acetabulum

45 Pubic tubercle

46 Body of pubis

47 Obturator foramen

48 Ischial tuberosity

49 Shaft of right femur

A Adult first (CI) cervical vertebra – atlas – from above

B Adult second (CII) cervical vertebra – axis – from above

C Adult fifth (CV) cervical vertebra – from above

1 Vertebral foramen

2 Facet for dens of axis

3 Anterior tubercle

4 Posterior tubercle

5 Posterior arch

6 Groove for vertebral artery

7 Lateral mass with superior articular facet

8 Foramen transversarium

9 Transverse process

10 Anterior arch

11 Bifid spinous process

12 Lamina

13 Superior articular process

14 Apex of dens

15 Anterior articular surface of dens

16 Posterior articular surface of dens

17 Uncus (posterolateral lip) of body

18 Body

19 Groove for spinal nerve (ventral ramus)

20 Pedicle

The foramen transversarium:

➤ Is present in the transverse processes of all seven cervical vertebrae, a feature that distinguishes them from the rest of the vertebrae forming the vertebral column.

➤ The foramen accommodates the vertebral artery, which enters the sixth vertebra, ascends through the remaining five to loop into the foramen magnum.

The typical cervical vertebrae:

➤ Are deemed the third to the sixth; the first (CI) (atlas), second (CII) (axis) and seventh (CVII) (vertebra prominens) differ, having certain distinct features.

A Adult first (TI) thoracic vertebra – from above

B Adult fourth (LIV) lumbar vertebra – from above

1 Vertebral foramen

2 Body

3 Posterolateral lip (uncus)

4 Pedicle

5 Superior articular process

6 Transverse process with costal facet

7 Lamina

8 Spinous process

9 Transverse process

10 Mamillary process

The typical thoracic vertebrae:

➤ Are the second to the ninth having characteristic features of upper and lower articular facets on the sides of their bodies, which join the heads of the ribs, and an articular facet on the front of each transverse process, which joins a rib tubercle.

➤ They also have, a round vertebral foramen, spinous process that points downwards and backwards, and superior articular processes that are vertical, flat and face backwards and laterally.

The lumbar vertebrae:

➤ Have large sized bodies, no costal facets on their bodies and transverse processes, and a distinct triangular-shaped vertebral foramen.

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