Metabolism
II. Carbohydrate Metabolism. Carbohydrates comprise a group of organic compounds that include sugars and starches and, in addition to carbon, contain hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1)….
PHARMACY
Gastrointestinal Motility Drugs
IV. Histamine Receptor Antagonists. Histamine induces contraction of smooth muscles in the airways, increases the secretion of acid in the stomach, and stimulates release of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system…
Maternal and Fetal Physiology and Pharmacology
b. The physiologic anemia of pregnancy does not cause a reduction in oxygen delivery because of a coincident increase in cardiac output. c. The additional intravascular fluid volume (1,000 to 1,500 mL…
Opioid Agonists and Antagonists
II. Chemical Structure of Opium Alkaloids. The active components of opium can be divided into two distinct chemical classes: phenanthrenes and benzylisoquinolines. The principal phenanthrene alkaloids present in opium are morphine,…
Drugs that Alter Glucose Regulation
A. Diabetes mellitus is classified by the underlying disease etiology (type 1 vs. type 2) rather than by age-of-onset (juvenile-onset vs. adult-onset diabetes) or treatment modality (insulin-dependent vs. non–insulin-dependent diabetes). 1. The…
Blood Products and Blood Components
II. Transfusion Therapy for Bleeding. Critical bleeding in the perioperative setting requires volume replacement (crystalloid, colloid, red blood cells [RBCs]) (none provide coagulation factors or platelets and thus their use can…
Antiepileptic and Other Neurologically Active Drugs
A. Pharmacokinetics (see Table 13-4) 1. All antiepileptic drugs are administered once daily or more frequently. 2. Because of their ability to induce or inhibit drug metabolism, all antiepileptic drugs (except gabapentin, levetiracetam,…
Physiology of Blood and Hemostasis
II. Hemostasis and History (see Figs. 27-1 and 27-2) (Table 27-1) A. Initiation of Coagulation. Initiation of coagulation by procoagulant activities has been traditionally separated into extrinsic, intrinsic, and common pathways (a…
Antiarrhythmic Drugs
B. The effects of cardiac antiarrhythmic drugs on the action potential and effective refractory period of the cardiac action potential determine the clinical effect of these drugs. III. Classification A. Cardiac arrhythmic drugs…
