Gastrointestinal Disorders INTRODUCTION The GI tract, also known as the alimentary canal, is a long, hollow, musculomembranous tube consisting of glands and accessory organs (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)….
Hematologic Disorders INTRODUCTION Blood, one of the body’s major fluid tissues, continuously circulates through the heart and blood vessels, carrying vital elements to every part of the body. BLOOD BASICS…
Immune Disorders INTRODUCTION The environment contains thousands of pathogenic microorganisms—viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Ordinarily, we protect ourselves from infectious organisms and other harmful invaders through an elaborate network of…
Musculoskeletal Disorders INTRODUCTION A complex system of bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissue, the musculoskeletal system gives the body its form and shape. It also protects vital organs,…
Hepatobiliary Disorders INTRODUCTION The liver is the largest internal organ in the body, weighing slightly more than 3 lb (1,200 to 1,600 g) in the average adult. It’s also one…
Neurologic Disorders INTRODUCTION The neurologic system, the body’s communications network, coordinates and organizes the functions of all body systems. This intricate network has three main divisions: central nervous system (CNS):…
Cardiovascular Disorders INTRODUCTION The cardiovascular system begins its activity when the fetus is barely a month old and is the last body system to cease activity at the end of…
Respiratory Disorders INTRODUCTION The respiratory system distributes air to the alveoli, where gas exchange—the addition of oxygen (O2) and the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) from pulmonary capillary blood—takes place….
Cartilage Tumors Some cartilage tumors have epicenters within bone (enchondroma, chondromyxoid fibroma [CMF], chondrosarcoma), others have a predilection for the epiphysis (chondroblastoma), surface (juxtacortical chondroma, periosteal chondrosarcoma), or metaphyseal surface…
