Fistulae of the urinary tract: Vesicovaginal, ureterovaginal, and rectourethral A fistula is an epithelialized or endothelialized connection between two or more organs. Frequently, it will be named after the organs…

Introduction With increasing social acceptance of the transgender community, the number of trans-identifying patients is increasing in the United States, with an estimated 0.39% to 2.7% of the US population…

Background The treatment for muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and some high-risk superficial bladder cancers (in patients who may or may not have had intravesical immunotherapy) is radical cystectomy (RC),…

Introduction Use of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has significantly increased over the past decade in favor of open and laparoscopic approaches. Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy Versus Open Radical Cystectomy in Patients…

Robotic reconstruction Bladder neck reconstruction and posterior urethroplasty have posed a major challenge in surgical reconstruction for urologic surgeons. Often, these patients present with a previous history of radiotherapy or…

Introduction Retroperitoneal lymph lode dissection (RPLND) forms an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of testicular cancer. , Cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens have revolutionized the treatment of testicular cancer, and consequently…

Introduction Partial cystectomy is an uncommonly performed procedure with oncologic and functional indications that determine surgical approach. Because of the risk of tumor spillage with urothelial cancers, it is rarely…

Radical cystectomy for the treatment of muscle-invasive or high-risk non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer must include extended lymphadenectomy to improve pathological staging and surveillance. When we refer to extended lymphadenectomy, it includes…

Introduction Prior to recent advancements in surgical technology, open adrenalectomy was the gold standard for benign and malignant adrenal diseases. With the introduction of laparoscopy, surgeons began to transition to…

Introduction Open kidney transplantation (OKT) is considered the gold standard treatment for end-stage renal disease as it is able to achieve a greater survival rate and a better quality of…