Section 8.1     A radical is a compound with a single unpaired electron on an atom that does not have a full octet of electrons. Section 8.2     Radicals are formed by homolysis of…

Section 6.1     Substitution reactions involve bond making between a nucleophile and electrophile with the loss of a leaving group. These processes are prevalent in physiological and metabolic processes and in the…

Section 5.1     Drug molecules often have one or more acidic and/or basic functional groups. The charge state of these groups varies with pH and affects a range of properties, including drug…

Section 4.1     Rotations about single bonds in molecules result in different interconverting shapes or conformations. Specific conformations (also called conformers) may be different in shape and energy but their interconversion does…

Section 2.1     A variety of non-covalent interactions can be involved in the recognition of a drug substance by its biological target. Section 2.2     A binding event between drug and target molecule can…