Introduction Amphetamine (AMPH) and AMPH-type psychostimulants (e.g., methamphetamine, MDMA) are the second most widely abused illicit drug worldwide. Prescription psychostimulants like d -AMPH (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin) remain widely prescribed…
Acknowledgments Dr. Leggio’s work is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) intramural funding ZIA-AA000218 ( Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology ), and jointly supported by the Division of…
Introduction Early demonstrations that drugs could serve as reinforcers, maintaining operant behavior in laboratory animals, led to the development of a model of human substance use disorder ( Box 6.1…
Acknowledgments We thank Corinne Lim for her expert contribution to the literature and cross-checking of the citations to the literature. Introduction Diagnosis and classification are ways in which we make…
Introduction The United States federal government takes an active role in setting and implementing drug-control policy, directly and in concert with state and local authorities and with international partners—even as…
Acknowledgments The research and writing of this article were partially supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, entitled “Current Smokers: A Phenomenological…
Introduction This chapter addresses a few issues that are emerging as critical health issues with substance use perspectives. First, there is a brief review of the epidemiology of substance use;…
What Is Epidemiology? The field of epidemiology involves investigation of the distribution and determinants of health conditions in populations or population subgroups. Epidemiological investigations fall under two common domains: descriptive…
Developmental genetics is the study of how the instructions encoded in genes control and coordinate development of an organism, beginning with fertilization and ending with death. The field is important…
Humans display a substantial amount of genetic variation. This is reflected in traits such as height, blood pressure, and skin color. Included in the spectrum of genetic variation are disease…
