Introduction Comorbid substance use disorders (SUDs) and other psychiatric disorders (dual diagnosis) in individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are common. Prevalence…
Mechanism of Action Methamphetamine is an indirect monoamine agonist that increases intracellular and extracellular levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine. Methamphetamine gains entry into neurons either as…
Acknowledgments The authors greatly appreciate the editing assistance of medical student Sean Doherty of Cardiff University School of Medicine. Historical Perspectives Psychoactive substances derived from botanicals have been used ritualistically…
History Opiates have been used for thousands of years, with evidence of opium poppy (known as Hul Gil, “joy plant”) cultivation more than 5000 years ago among the Sumerians in…
Acknowledgments This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grant #DA-03746. We gratefully acknowledge the efforts of Michaela Bamdad and Catalina Saldaña, who read an earlier version…
Acknowledgments We are grateful to Elsevier for permission to reproduce some text from a recent review article. We also thank the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism for its…
Strategies for Selecting Candidate Medications for Testing Bottom–Up Approach: Modulation of Appetitive Drives Preclinical animal models of cocaine addiction, self-administration, reinstatement, and cue reactivity are commonly used to screen compounds…
Introduction Alcohol was used in Egypt since the time of the pharaohs, when wine played an important part in ceremonial life. . Egyptian texts more than 8000-years-old made reference to…
Acknowledgments Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Service funds (RCS 00-001) supported preparation of the manuscript. The views expressed here are those of the author. Introduction Twelve-step…
Introduction Since we finished this chapter in 2012, there has been a notable gap in therapeutic community outcome research. Although systematic reviews of the research in recent years on the…
