7 Genitourinary System Disorders
NEOPLASTIC DISEASES BLADDER CANCER Definition Cancer arising in the urinary bladder is a carcinoma of urothelial (transitional cell) origin in the United States and Europe (90% of cases). Less frequently,…
11 Infectious Diseases
INFECTIOUS DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIAL PATHOGENS Bacterial pathogens may be classified by criteria such as Gram stain characteristics (gram-positive or gram-negative), shape (cocci, bacilli, coccobacilli, curved bacilli, spiral bacteria), growth…
2 Autoimmune Diseases
Genetic susceptibility, mostly due to linkage to particular HLA molecules Environmental triggers (e.g., drugs, chemicals) Infectious agents (e.g., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, HIV) Loss of regulatory T cells Defects in cytokine production…
8 Gynecologic and Obstetric Disorders
GYNECOLOGIC DISORDERS CANCER OF THE BREAST Definition Cancer of the breast is a malignancy arising from the breast epithelium (carcinoma) and/or stroma (sarcoma). Clinical Presentation Breast cancer is the most…
6 Endocrine Diseases
Stimulatory tests should be performed if hypofunction is suspected and suppression tests if hyperfunction is suspected. Suppression tests suppress normal glands but not autonomous secretion. Patient preparation is particularly important…
14 Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
EMERGENCY TOXICOLOGY Purpose The majority of poisoned patients enter the health care system in the emergency department. Treatment is often based on exposure history and signs and symptoms of poisoning…
15 Transfusion Medicine
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this Chapter is to provide some basic information about transfusion medicine (TM). In order to provide care to patients, training and/or experience in TM is necessary….
1 FALTs: Factors Affecting Laboratory Tests
WHAT CAUSES ABNORMAL TEST RESULTS (BESIDES DISEASE)? The total testing process defines the preanalytic, analytic, and postanalytic phases of laboratory testing and serves as the basis for designing and implementing…
Nutrition and Obesity
Figure 22-1 United States Department of Agriculture MyPlate. (From http://www.choosemyplate.gov [last accessed 1/5/15]) Calculating Energy Requirements Total energy expenditure = basal metabolic rate (BMR) + the energy expenditure of activity…
Neurologic Disorders
DIAGNOSIS Headaches are divided into primary and secondary types. Primary headache syndromes are not associated with other diseases and include migraine, tension-type, and cluster headaches. Secondary headaches are common manifestations…
