Jugular venous pulse
15 Jugular venous pulse Instruction Examine this patient’s neck. Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Salient features History • Shortness of breath • Symptoms of right heart failure (leg oedema, ascites)….
Gallop rhythm
12 Gallop rhythm Instruction Listen to the precordium. Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Dyspnoea • Determine NYHA class • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea • Swelling of the feet….
Aortic stenosis
5 Aortic stenosis Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Asymptomatic (many patients do not have symptoms) • Fatigue • Angina (in ~70% of adults; average survival after…
Hypertension
8 Hypertension Instruction This patient has hypertension; would you like to examine her? Salient features History • Chest pain or shortness of breath • Intermittent claudication • Headaches or visual…
Mitral stenosis
1 Mitral stenosis Instruction This patient developed shortness of breath and orthopnoea during pregnancy, please examine. This 55-year-old patient has atrial fibrillation, please do the relevant clinical examination. Salient features…
Aortic regurgitation
4 Aortic regurgitation Instruction Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Asymptomatic (but may have normal or depressed left ventricular function) • Dyspnoea and…
Mixed mitral and aortic valve disease
7 Mixed mitral and aortic valve disease Instruction Examine this patient’s precordium. Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features • Pulse may be small volume (from…
Mitral regurgitation
2 Mitral regurgitation Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Asymptomatic or mild symptoms: often • Shortness of breath (from pulmonary congestion) • Fatigue (from low cardiac output)…
Mixed aortic valve lesion
6 Mixed aortic valve lesion Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s pulse. Salient features • Pulse may be bisferious, small volume or large…
Mixed mitral valve disease
3 Mixed mitral valve disease Instruction Listen to this patient’s heart. Salient features • The patient will have signs of both mitral stenosis and regurgitation. • The candidate will be…
