42 Fungi—Basic Concepts
FIGURE 42–1. A yeast cell showing the cell wall and internal structures of the fungal eukaryotic cell plan. (Reproduced with permission from Willey JM: Prescott, Harley, & Klein’s Microbiology, 7th…
41 Dental and Periodontal Infections
FIGURE 41–1. Dental plaque biofilm. The stages of formation of the bacterial biofilm called dental plaque are shown. Early colonizers bind to the enamel pellicle and late colonizers bind to…
ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
As a reasonable generalization the microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy) are markedly influenced by good blood glucose control, while the macrovascular complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular…
THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, PANCREAS, AND LIVER
One clinical challenge posed by gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptoms is to distinguish the so-called “functional” (nonpathologic) from the “organic” (structural or pathologic) disorders, since some patients have hyperawareness of normal…
RHEUMATOLOGY: ARTHRITIS, AUTOIMMUNE AND COLLAGEN VASCULAR DISEASES
Arthritis and tendinitis can easily be distinguished on physical examination. Tendinitis is painful on active movement but not on passive manipulation of the joint. Arthritis, on the other hand, is…
THE HEART AND CIRCULATION
The underlying hemodynamic abnormality in heart failure is an increase in ventricular end diastolic pressure. Many descriptors have been applied to the failing heart based on the presumed underlying physiology:…
NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASE
Headaches are common in young folks but not in the elderly. A new headache in mid to old age should always be taken seriously. In the elderly a new headache…
INFECTIOUS DISEASES
When an exhaustive search for infection is negative occult malignancy is the usual cause of prolonged unidentified fevers. It should be pointed out, however, that some patients recover completely with…
