ERA in the ‘difficult-to-test child’
13 ERA in the ‘difficult-to-test child’ CLINICAL PROBLEM Until the infant is 4 months of age, the quality of the auditory responses is little dependent on mental development, and only…
Other long latency responses
10 Other long latency responses GENERATORS Of these other responses, the one that is most useful in the auditory field is the vertex positive component P3 or P300 with a…
Electrically evoked potentials in cochlear stimulation
18 Electrically evoked potentials in cochlear stimulation CLINICAL PROBLEM Population Electrical stimulation of the cochlear nerve with unipolar and bipolar electrode systems has been devised as a cochlear prosthesis in…
Comparative assessment of ERA threshold techniques
11 Comparative assessment of ERA threshold techniques In order to apply the numerous ERA techniques appropriately, it is important to know their comparative merits in particular clinical situations. The clinical…
The slow vertex response (SVR)
9 The slow vertex response (SVR) INTRODUCTION The slow vertex response (SVR), or V potential, arises from the cortical structures. Its main clinical application is in threshold estimation. It is…
Current developments in ERA
19 Current developments in ERA In many areas electric response audiometry is an established and clinically useful tool. Its range of application is increasing into many different aspects. DEVELOPMENTS IN…
ERA in investigation of neurological disorders
16 ERA in investigation of neurological disorders MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS Clinical problem The clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis is made on the evidence of two or more lesions in the CNS…
ERA in non-organic hearing loss (NOHL)
14 ERA in non-organic hearing loss (NOHL) CLINICAL PROBLEM A subject may exhibit deliberately false hearing thresholds or have an unconsciously raised threshold of response. Such subjects are categorized as…
Historical development of electric response audiometry (ERA)
1 Historical development of electric response audiometry (ERA) Spontaneous electrical activity from the scalp was first recorded by Berger in 1929, and this activity is now routinely recorded in the…
Gastrointestinal System
Chapter 5 Gastrointestinal System Outline Physiology of the Digestive System Esophagus Tracheoesophageal Fistula Esophagitis Ingestion of Corrosive Agents Esophageal Cancer Esophageal Diverticula Esophageal Varices Hiatal Hernia Achalasia Foreign Bodies Perforation…
