Hepatic Adenoma
May regress after withdrawal of oral contraceptives • Associated with obesity or ethanol use Clinical Issues • Typically in women of reproductive age Noncirrhotic background liver • Symptoms Abdominal pain; acute, intermittent, or…
Regenerative and Dysplastic Nodules
Low-grade dysplastic nodules (LGDNs) resemble RN morphologically but are clonal • High-grade dysplastic nodules (HGDNs): Preneoplastic lesion; likely precursor of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Macroscopic • > 1 cm but usually < 3…
Neuroendocrine Tumors of Gallbladder
Well-differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasm (WDNEN): Grades 1 and 2 Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma (PDNC): Grade 3 – Small cell carcinoma, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma Clinical Issues • WDNEN: All tumors have potential to…
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm
Classified as main duct, combined, or branch duct type Clinical Issues • 20-50% of resected cystic pancreatic tumors Incidence increasing due to increased incidental detection on imaging for other reasons • Most…
Chronic Pancreatitis
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma and CP may coexist Microscopic • Fibrosis and chronic inflammation Variable extent and distribution of fibrosis Irregular atrophy and obliteration of pancreatic acini and ducts Retention of normal lobular…
Epstein-Barr Virus
Usually represents liver involvement by infectious mononucleosis Elevated serum transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin levels Self limited in majority of cases • EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders In immunocompromised individuals due to uncontrolled…
Autoimmune Hepatitis
3 types, based on identification of serum autoantibodies Clinical Issues • Affects patients of all ages, predominantly women • Chronic disease by definition but may present clinically as acute or fulminant hepatitis…
Biliary Atresia
1:5,000 to 1:19,000 newborns Clinical Issues • Most common cause of pathologic infant jaundice Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia – Neonatal jaundice – Dark urine and pale stools – Hepatomegaly • Associated extrahepatic congenital anomalies present in up…
Adenocarcinoma of Gallbladder
Chronic inflammation – Chronic cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, chronic biliary infections Porcelain gallbladder Primary sclerosing cholangitis Gastrointestinal polyposis Clinical Issues • Most often occurs in India, Chile, Pakistan, and Ecuador Females more often affected…
Ampullary Adenocarcinoma and Variants
Intraampullary: Arise in ampulla (lined by pancreatobiliary epithelium) Periampullary: Arise in duodenal surface of papilla (lined by intestinal epithelium) Clinical Issues • 5-year overall survival rate: 40% Determined by histologic type,…
