Acid-Base Chemistry of Organic Molecules
CHAPTER OUTLINE 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Three Theories of Acids and Bases 5.3 Self-Ionization of Water and the pH Scale 5.4 Avoiding Confusion—Use of “Acid” and “Base” and Related Terms 5.5 The Acid Dissociation Constant Ka…
Reactions of Carbonyl Species
CHAPTER OUTLINE 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Nature of the Carbonyl Group 7.3 Relative Reactivity of Carbonyl-Containing Functional Groups 7.4 Hydration of Aldehydes and Ketones 7.5 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols Box 7.1—Glucuronidation in the…
Nucleophilic Substitution, Addition, and Elimination Reactions
CHAPTER OUTLINE 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Nucleophiles 6.3 Electrophiles Box 6.1—Electrophiles in cancer drugs 6.4 Leaving Groups 6.5 Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions—SN2 Box 6.2—SN2 reactions in biological chemistry 6.6 Nucleophilic Aliphatic Substitution Reactions—SN1 6.7 Neighboring Group Assistance in…
The Nature of Bonding in Organic Molecules
CHAPTER OUTLINE 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Nature of Covalent and Ionic Bonds Box 1.1—Drawing organic molecules 1.3 Polarization of Covalent Bonds 1.4 Atomic Orbitals and Valence Bond Theory 1.5 Hybridization of Orbitals and Tetrahedral Carbon…
Conformations of Organic Molecules
CHAPTER OUTLINE 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Newman Projections and Dihedral Angles 4.3 Conformations and Energies of Ethane—Torsional Strain 4.4 Conformations and Energies of Larger Acyclic Molecules—Steric Strain 4.5 Conformations of Small Rings Box 4.1—The three major…
Radical Chemistry
CHAPTER OUTLINE 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Formation, Stability, and Molecular Orbital View of Radicals 8.3 Radical Reactions 8.4 Reactions of Molecular Oxygen 8.5 Iron-Mediated Radical Reactions in Drug Metabolism Box 8.1—Fenton chemistry in the action of…
Non-Covalent Interactions
CHAPTER OUTLINE 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Enthalpic and Entropic Contributions to Ligand/Drug Binding 2.3 The Strength of Non-Covalent Interactions 2.4 Desolvation and the Hydrophobic Effect 2.5 Ionic Interactions Box 2.1—Ionic interactions in a proton channel from…
