Urinalysis
SOURCE: Woo K, Lau YK. Singapore Med J. 2001;42(8):385–389. Summary of Key Points in Proteinuria • Urine dipstick test is most sensitive to albumin and less sensitive to low-molecular-weight proteins….
Anemia and Hemoglobinopathies
Figure 19.1. Normal blood smear. The RI is the reticulocyte count corrected for the degree of anemia in an individual. It is calculated as follows: where 40% is a normal…
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Figure 84.1. Anatomic Types of Interatrial Communications (see text for description). Atrial septal defect (ASD) 1° denotes primum ASD; ASD 2° denotes secundum ASD. In young adults, the dominant interatrial…
Neurology Summary
EVALUATION OF SENSORY SYMPTOMS Sensory symptoms may arise from lesions in the peripheral nerve, or in central sensory pathways from the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts as they traverse the…
Electrolyte Disorders
osmoreceptors Carotid sinusAfferent arterioleAtriaEffectors AVP Thirst Sympathetic nervous systemRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemANP/BNPAVP What is affected Urine osmolality Water intake Urinary sodium excretionVascular tone NOTES: See text for details. AVP = arginine vasopressin;…
Cardiology Summary
Figure 88.1. The Framingham 10-year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Calculator. Point of care assessment for cardiovascular disease risk may be performed using various validated risk models. In the Framingham risk calculator,…
Pulmonary Medicine Board Review Questions
Figure 44.1. Posteroanterior chest x-ray for Question 9. QUESTION 10–14. For each of the five following statements (10–14), indicate whether it pertains to patients with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…
Hemodynamic Monitoring in the ICU
Figure 40.1. West Lung Zones. PA catheter should be placed in Zone 3 where both arterial and venous pressures are greater than alveolar pressures. If truly a reflection of LAP,…
Acid–Base Disturbances
When this calculation is carried through in a patient with metabolic acidosis, recognized as a fall in both pH and HCO3 concentration, a comparison can be made between the calculated…
Chronic Kidney Disease
NOTE: *GFR expressed in mL/min/1.73 m2. SCREENING FOR CKD Screening for CKD is cost-effective in high-risk populations such as African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and in patients with diabetes mellitus…
