Fibromyalgia
Chapter 23 Fibromyalgia Leslie Axelrod, ND, LAc AETIOLOGY, EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) definition of fibromyalgia (FM) has been based on generalised pain as the primary…
Osteoarthritis
Chapter 22 Osteoarthritis Paul J. Orrock, ND, RN, MAppSC, DO DEFINITION AND AETIOLOGY Osteoarthritis, also called degenerative joint disease, is primarily a disease of ageing, as 90% of all people…
Ageing and cognition
Chapter 32 Ageing and cognition Christina Kure, ND, BAppSci OVERVIEW AND AETIOLOGY Ageing is a multidimensional process comprising physical, psychological and social factors that vary and interact over the life…
Adrenal exhaustion
Chapter 15 Adrenal exhaustion Tini Gruner, ND, MSc, PhD AETIOLOGY Stress Hans Selye, in 1935, was the first to develop a theory of stress. When he imposed different types of…
Autoimmunity
Chapter 28 Autoimmunity Joanne Bradbury, ND, BNat (Hons) OVERVIEW Autoimmunity is a normal event, while autoimmune diseases result from an aberration of this normal phenomenon.1 Autoimmune diseases are characterised by…
Diabetes type 2
Chapter 16 Diabetes type 2 Tini Gruner, ND, PhD, MSc AETIOLOGY Diabetes type 2, in contrast to type 1, is a lifestyle disease. It has become a public health burden…
reference values
Appendix 4 Laboratory reference values The reference values and ranges for these blood tests are given in the system of international units (SI) and are based on guidelines from the…
Inflammatory skin disorders—atopic eczema and psoriasis
Chapter 25 Inflammatory skin disorders—atopic eczema and psoriasis Amie Steel, ND, MPH AETIOLOGY Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is most frequently diagnosed in infancy, but may continue through the adult years.1 It…
Human immunodeficiency virus
Chapter 36 Human immunodeficiency virus Jennifer Hillier, ND AETIOLOGY Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; see Figure 36.1) is the infective agent behind the spectrum of symptoms involving the immune system and…
