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Immunohistochemistry Immunophenotypic analysis is extremely helpful and often essential for the diagnosis and classification of malignant neoplasms. Two major methods are used for determining the immunophenotype of neoplasms: immunohistochemistry and…

Cytochemistry Special stains and cytochemical techniques are particularly useful as adjuvants in the diagnosis of lymph node lesions by identifying various biochemical and enzymatic cell markers (Table 5.1). Periodic Acid–Schiff…

Electron Microscopy It is easy and inexpensive to fix small samples of lymph node routinely in glutaraldehyde at the time of initial processing and decide later if they should be…

Cytopathology Role of Touch Imprints/Smears in Lymph Node Diagnosis The histologic examination of lymph node biopsy specimens allows for the assessment of both architecture and cytology. Assessment of architecture is…

The Normal Lymph Node Anatomy In the lymphatic pathway, lymph nodes are peripheral lymphoid organs connected to the circulation by afferent and efferent lymphatics (Fig. 1.1). These ovoid, round, or…

The Lymph Node Biopsy Enlarged Lymph Nodes In adults, under normal conditions, only the inguinal lymph nodes may be palpable as several, firm, 0.5- to 2-cm nodules attached to the…

Introduction Lymph nodes are among the organs from which biopsy specimens are most commonly obtained for diagnostic purposes. Their accessibility makes them an easy target for fine needle aspiration and…

Introduction The lymph nodes are major components of the lymphatic system clustered in small groups or chains at strategic locations, where they drain the lymphatic vessels of various anatomic regions….