Diagnostic Testing When esophageal dysphagia is suspected, endoscopy is the initial test to visualize the mucosa directly with biopsy of suspicious lesions and/or biopsy of the midesophagus for eosinophilic esophagitis….
APAP, autotitrating positive airway pressure; CPAP, continuous positive airway pressure. Surgical Management Patients who want to consider surgery for OSA should be evaluated by an otolaryngologist to determine whether the…
aBased on 1992 U.S. Vital Statistic Data published by the Institute of Medicine in 1997. Data from Committee on Care at the End of Life, Institute of Medicine; Field MJ,…
T3, triiodothyronine; T4, thyroxine; TBG, thyroxine-binding globulin; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone. Hypothyroidism GENERAL PRINCIPLES Primary hypothyroidism (due to disease of the thyroid itself) accounts for >90% of cases.1 Hypothyroidism is readily…
Figure 9-1 Evaluation of heart murmurs. (Modified from Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, et al. 2008 Focused Update Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients…
Classification Several historical diagnostic criteria for IBS exist, with the Rome III criteria (Table 32-2) representing the most recent and encompassing criteria.1 It should be noted that these criteria were…
