Arterial Blood Gases
Figure 41.1. Oxygen dissociation curve. Source: This figure was published in Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, Hurst HW. Clinical Methods, 3rd ed. 1990:256. Boston: Butterworths. © Elsevier. Although they…
EKG Refresher
Figure 86.1. Normal Rate and Intervals. Provided regular rhythm, heart rate = 1500/# of small boxes between two consecutive R waves or 300/# of large boxes between two consecutive R…
Board Practice 1
Figure 107.1. Image of the skin rash from the patient described in Question 2. What is the most likely diagnosis? A. Inadequately treated Lyme disease B. Babesiosis C. Malaria D….
Chest X-Ray Refresher
Figure 37.1. Hemoptysis: chest x-ray 1. The differential diagnosis of a pulmonary cavity includes tuberculosis, bacterial lung abscess, lung cancer, and pulmonary vasculitis (e.g., granulomatosis with polyangiitis). The upper lobe…
Urinalysis
SOURCE: Woo K, Lau YK. Singapore Med J. 2001;42(8):385–389. Summary of Key Points in Proteinuria • Urine dipstick test is most sensitive to albumin and less sensitive to low-molecular-weight proteins….
Anemia and Hemoglobinopathies
Figure 19.1. Normal blood smear. The RI is the reticulocyte count corrected for the degree of anemia in an individual. It is calculated as follows: where 40% is a normal…
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Figure 84.1. Anatomic Types of Interatrial Communications (see text for description). Atrial septal defect (ASD) 1° denotes primum ASD; ASD 2° denotes secundum ASD. In young adults, the dominant interatrial…
Neurology Summary
EVALUATION OF SENSORY SYMPTOMS Sensory symptoms may arise from lesions in the peripheral nerve, or in central sensory pathways from the dorsal columns and spinothalamic tracts as they traverse the…
Electrolyte Disorders
osmoreceptors Carotid sinusAfferent arterioleAtriaEffectors AVP Thirst Sympathetic nervous systemRenin-angiotensin-aldosterone systemANP/BNPAVP What is affected Urine osmolality Water intake Urinary sodium excretionVascular tone NOTES: See text for details. AVP = arginine vasopressin;…
Cardiology Summary
Figure 88.1. The Framingham 10-year Cardiovascular Disease Risk Calculator. Point of care assessment for cardiovascular disease risk may be performed using various validated risk models. In the Framingham risk calculator,…
