B. Plasma/fresh frozen plasma contains multiple factors for hemostasis and has increasingly been considered a critical component (see Fig. 31-1). C. Platelet Administration 1. Following traumatic injury or significant postoperative bleeding, the critical…
B. Depolarizing neuromuscular block (also called phase I block) is often preceded by muscle fasciculation. During partial neuromuscular block, depolarizing block is characterized by (a) decrease in twitch tension, (b) no…
a. To meet the elevated metabolic demand, neonatal cardiac output, relative to body weight, is twice that of the adult. This is achieved with a relatively rapid heart rate (140 beats…
B. Body fluids can be divided into intracellular and extracellular fluid, depending on their location relative to the cell membrane (Fig. 1-1). 1. Interstitial fluid is present in the spaces between cells….
III. Peripheral Nerve Physiology of Pain A. Nociceptors (pain receptors) are a specialized class of primary afferents that respond to intense, noxious stimuli in skin, muscles, joints, viscera, and vasculature. 1. Nociceptors are…
1. The mainstay of therapy for bronchospasm, wheezing, and airflow obstruction is β-adrenergic agonists (typically delivered via inhalers or nebulizers). 2. Short-acting β2 agonists such as albuterol, levalbuterol, metaproterenol, and pirbuterol are…
1. COX-1 is constitutively expressed and catalyzes the production of prostaglandins that are involved in numerous physiologic functions (maintenance of normal renal function in the kidneys, mucosal protection in the gastrointestinal…
