The pretherapeutic history of botulinum neurotoxin
Fig. 1.1 Justinus Kerner; photograph of 1855. Kerner again disputed that an inorganic agent such as hydrocyanic acid could be the toxic agent in the sausages, suspecting a biological poison…
Pharmacology of botulinum neurotoxins
HSA, human serum albumin; SNAP-25, synaptosomal associated protein-25; VAMP-2, vesicle-associated membrane protein-2. Onset and duration of action Clinical effects of BoNTs develop gradually and are typically evident within a week…
Botulinum neurotoxin: history of clinical development
Chapter 2 Botulinum neurotoxin: history of clinical development Daniel Truong and Mark Hallett Manual of Botulinum Toxin Therapy, 2nd edition, ed. Daniel Truong, Mark Hallett, Christopher Zachary and Dirk Dressler….
