13. ARTERIAL CANNULATION

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CHAPTER 13. ARTERIAL CANNULATION Introduction111 Indications112 Contraindications112 Equipment112 National Patient Safety Agency (NPSA) recommendations113 Practical procedure113 Post-procedure investigations116 Complications116 Suggested reading117 The Reverend Stephen Hales (1677–1761), a British veterinarian, cannulated…

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4. CHEST DRAIN INSERTION AND MANAGEMENT

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CHAPTER 4. CHEST DRAIN INSERTION AND MANAGEMENT Introduction33 NPSA recommendations34 Indications34 Cautions34 Contraindications35 Equipment35 Choosing the size of chest drain – the guidelines35 Position for drain insertion36 Site of drain…

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3. PLEURAL ASPIRATION (OF FLUID OR AIR)

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CHAPTER 3. PLEURAL ASPIRATION (OF FLUID OR AIR) Introduction23 Indications23 Contraindications23 British Thoracic Society (BTS) guidelines for managing pneumothoraces24 Tension pneumothorax – emergency management24 Equipment25 Location of site of aspiration26…

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17. RIGID SIGMOIDOSCOPY

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CHAPTER 17. RIGID SIGMOIDOSCOPY Introduction141 Indications141 Contraindications141 Equipment142 Practical procedure143 Complications145 The Corpus Hippocraticum of early medical works from ancient Greece described both proctoscopy and use of the rectal speculum,…

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20. ARTHROCENTESIS OF THE KNEE

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CHAPTER 20. ARTHROCENTESIS OF THE KNEE Introduction165 Indications165 Contraindications166 Equipment166 Practical procedure166 Post-procedure investigations169 Complications169 The Libellus de Medicinalibus Indorum Herbis (or ‘little book of the medicinal herbs of the…

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18. URETHRAL CATHETERIZATION

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CHAPTER 18. URETHRAL CATHETERIZATION Introduction147 Male catheterization147 Female catheterization150 Post-procedure investigations153 Complications153 Sushruta, a surgeon of ancient India (circa 6th century BC), described gold, silver, iron and wood tubes lubricated…

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5. PERCUTANEOUS PLEURAL BIOPSY

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CHAPTER 5. PERCUTANEOUS PLEURAL BIOPSY Introduction45 Contraindications46 Equipment46 The Abrams’ needle47 Site of biopsy47 Practical procedure49 Post-procedure investigations50 Post-procedure care51 Cautions52 Complications52 Suggested reading52 Pleural biopsy, originally an open technique,…

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12. ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS SAMPLING

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CHAPTER 12. ARTERIAL BLOOD GAS SAMPLING Introduction105 Indications105 Contraindications106 Equipment107 Practical procedure107 Femoral artery puncture109 Complications109 Gustav Magnus (1802–1870) made the first consistent analyses of blood gases in 1837. He…

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14. PERFORMING AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG)

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CHAPTER 14. PERFORMING AN ELECTROCARDIOGRAM (ECG) Introduction119 Indications119 Equipment120 Practical procedure120 Post-procedure investigations122 Augustus Desiré Waller (1856–1922), working at St Mary’s Hospital in Paddington, London, produced the first electrocardiogram (ECG)…

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15. NASOGASTRIC TUBE PLACEMENT

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CHAPTER 15. NASOGASTRIC TUBE PLACEMENT Introduction123 Indications124 Contraindications124 Equipment124 Practical procedure124 Post-procedure investigations127 Complications127 The modern nasogastric (NG) tube is a 1921 modification by John Alfred Ryle (1889–1950). He covered…

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