1 Mitral stenosis Instruction This patient developed shortness of breath and orthopnoea during pregnancy, please examine. This 55-year-old patient has atrial fibrillation, please do the relevant clinical examination. Salient features…
4 Aortic regurgitation Instruction Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Asymptomatic (but may have normal or depressed left ventricular function) • Dyspnoea and…
7 Mixed mitral and aortic valve disease Instruction Examine this patient’s precordium. Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features • Pulse may be small volume (from…
6 Mixed aortic valve lesion Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s pulse. Salient features • Pulse may be bisferious, small volume or large…
3 Mixed mitral valve disease Instruction Listen to this patient’s heart. Salient features • The patient will have signs of both mitral stenosis and regurgitation. • The candidate will be…
2 Mitral regurgitation Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Asymptomatic or mild symptoms: often • Shortness of breath (from pulmonary congestion) • Fatigue (from low cardiac output)…
