A Primer on Microbiology
Introduction to Microorganisms That Interact with Humans In this section, we will introduce the main categories of organisms that interact with humans both as part of the human microbiome and…
Introduction to Microorganisms That Interact with Humans In this section, we will introduce the main categories of organisms that interact with humans both as part of the human microbiome and…
Introduction The clinical microbiology laboratory offers an increasingly diverse menu of diagnostic assays, including maintenance of traditional methods first developed in the early 1900s, to implementing increasingly complex molecular assays…
Infections are disorders or diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Infections manifest themselves by a myriad of signs and symptoms in a variety of combinations….
Chapter Contents The Issue 206 A Proposed Statistical Solution 207 Multiple Endpoints 207 Composite Endpoints 208 Multiple Treatments (Multiarm Trials) 209 The Issue of Multiplicity Adjustment in Multiarm Trials 210…
Chapter Contents Introduction 236 Reporting of Randomised Controlled Trials 236 Deficient Reporting 236 Selective Reporting 237 The CONSORT Statement: A Reporting Guideline for Randomised Trials 238 Reporting Using the CONSORT…
Chapter Contents Subgroup Analyses 216 What Readers Should Look for With Subgroup Analyses 218 Interim Analyses 219 Early Termination and Biased Estimates of Treatment Effects 221 Stopping for Harm or…
Chapter Contents Introduction 228 Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial 228 Prospective Meta-Analysis 228 Some Disadvantages of Multicentre Randomised Trials 229 Some Potential Disadvantages of PMAs 231 Basic Steps in a PMA…
Chapter Contents What Is a Surrogate Endpoint? 193 Advantages of Surrogate Endpoints 194 Disadavantages of Surrogate Endpoints 194 Validation of Surrogate Endpoints 196 Terminological Tangles 196 Levels of Evidence 198…
Chapter Contents Introduction 184 Single Blinding: Participants, Investigators, or Assessors 184 Participants 185 Investigators 185 Assessors 185 Implementation Issues: Participants 185 Sham Procedures 186 Implementation Issues: Assessors 187 Double Blinding:…
Chapter Contents Potential Effects of Blinding 174 Lexicon of Blinding 175 Masking or Blinding? 176 Placebos and Blinding 177 Does Blinding Prevent Bias? 178 What to Look for in Descriptions…