Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: what prognosis is and what one can use to measure it; what a prognostic risk factor is; what methods we use to…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn to: define health improvement, the determinants of health and the ethics of prevention; explain high-risk and population approaches to prevention; outline the…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: what is meant by diagnosis; to understand the need for evidence-based diagnosis; to define and calculate measures of accuracy; to recognise potential…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: to explain basic concepts of economics and how they relate to health; to distinguish the main types of economic evaluation; to understand…

2South West Health Protection Agency Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: key concepts and terminology in infectious disease epidemiology; principles of and methods for infectious disease surveillance and…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: how to distinguish between validity and reliability; how results may be misleading due to bias and the difference between selection, measurement, differential…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: to understand the varied methods used to evaluate public health or complex interventions; to describe the features of a cluster randomised controlled…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: the main features of the following study designs: (i) case series; (ii) ecological studies; (iii) cross-sectional studies; (iv) case-control studies; (v) cohort…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: the principles behind screening for disease; the notion that screening is a programme and not a test; screening can cause harm as…

Learning objectives In this chapter you will learn: how to describe the process around the audit cycle; what the general ethical principles are around research; what is the role of…