15.1 Two types of interaction Types of interaction Epidemiologists speak of two distinct types of interaction: biological interaction and statistical interaction. Although these concepts share the term “interaction,” these are…
4.1 Introduction What is descriptive epidemiology? Descriptive epidemiology is a general term used to refer to a broad array of epidemiologic activities whose primary purpose is to describe disease occurrence…
2.1 Natural history of disease Stages of disease The natural history of disease refers to the progression of a disease in an individual over time. This includes all relevant phenomena…
5.1 Etiologic research Hypotheses are nets: only he who casts will catch. Novalis Hypothesis statement The goal of analytic epidemiology is to clarify causal relations between various determinants (“exposures”) and…
11.1 The infectious disease process Studying infectious disease epidemiology is important for two different reasons. First, infectious disease epidemiology provided the original model for the study of disease on a…
16.1 Case definitions Establishing a case definition In this chapter, we consider criteria for defining cases and the standardized system of disease nomenclature known as the International Classification of Disease…
A slightly more detailed screening instrument for depression is the nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The questions that are included in this instrument are shown in Table 10-2. The nine-item…
Figure 6-1. Definition of health disparities in health care. (Reproduced with permission from Smedley BD, Stith AY, Nelson AR, eds. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Healthcare. Washington,…
Figure 8-1. Schematic diagram of a cohort study of the relationship between low social integration (unexposed) and risk of suicide. The shaded areas represent the unexposed persons (those with low…
Translating Evidence into Medical Practice Quality of Care 15 David J. Ballard, Briget da Graca, and David Nicewander HEALTH SCENARIO Mrs. E., a 69-year-old, Spanish-only-speaking Hispanic woman with a history…
