Introduction Antimicrobials differ intrinsically from other drugs. Antimicrobials do not aim to affect biologic processes in the patient, but instead inhibit or kill invading pathogens and commensal microorganisms. The properties…
Introduction Fever is a common complaint encountered by primary caregivers, internists, and surgeons. We all experience fever throughout our lives, and although frequently the cause of fever is never explained,…
Introduction The serendipitous discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928 was one of the greatest medical advances of the 20th century and marks the beginning of the antibiotic…
Introduction to Microorganisms That Interact with Humans In this section, we will introduce the main categories of organisms that interact with humans both as part of the human microbiome and…
Introduction The clinical microbiology laboratory offers an increasingly diverse menu of diagnostic assays, including maintenance of traditional methods first developed in the early 1900s, to implementing increasingly complex molecular assays…
Infections are disorders or diseases caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Infections manifest themselves by a myriad of signs and symptoms in a variety of combinations….
Chapter Contents The Issue 206 A Proposed Statistical Solution 207 Multiple Endpoints 207 Composite Endpoints 208 Multiple Treatments (Multiarm Trials) 209 The Issue of Multiplicity Adjustment in Multiarm Trials 210…
Chapter Contents Introduction 236 Reporting of Randomised Controlled Trials 236 Deficient Reporting 236 Selective Reporting 237 The CONSORT Statement: A Reporting Guideline for Randomised Trials 238 Reporting Using the CONSORT…
Chapter Contents Subgroup Analyses 216 What Readers Should Look for With Subgroup Analyses 218 Interim Analyses 219 Early Termination and Biased Estimates of Treatment Effects 221 Stopping for Harm or…
Chapter Contents Introduction 228 Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial 228 Prospective Meta-Analysis 228 Some Disadvantages of Multicentre Randomised Trials 229 Some Potential Disadvantages of PMAs 231 Basic Steps in a PMA…
