CHAPTER 28 The Gastric Phase of the Integrated Response to a Meal In this chapter we will study gastrointestinal (GI) tract physiology when food is in the stomach (i.e., the…

CHAPTER 39 Hormonal Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate Metabolism C alcium (Ca++) and phosphate are essential to human life because they play important structural roles in hard tissues (i.e., bones…

CHAPTER 20 Structure and Function of the Respiratory System The primary function of the lung is gas exchange, which consists of movement of O2 into the body and removal of…

CHAPTER 5 Generation and Conduction of Action Potentials An action potential is a rapid, all-or-none change in the membrane potential followed by a return to the resting membrane potential. •…

CHAPTER 31 Transport and Metabolic Functions of the Liver OVERVIEW OF THE LIVER AND ITS FUNCTIONS The liver is a large, multilobed organ located in the abdominal cavity whose function…

CHAPTER 24 Control of Respiration We breathe without thinking, and we can willingly modify our breathing pattern and even hold our breath. Control of ventilation, which is discussed in this…

CHAPTER 14 Smooth Muscle Nonstriated, or smooth, muscle cells are a major component of hollow organs such as the alimentary canal, airways, vasculature, and urogenital tract. Contraction of smooth muscle…

CHAPTER 37 Introduction to the Endocrine System The ability of cells to communicate with each other represents an underpinning of human biology. As discussed in Chapter 3, cell-to-cell communication exists…

CHAPTER 6 Synaptic Transmission Synaptic transmission is the major process by which electrical signals are transferred between cells within the nervous system (or between neurons and muscle cells or sensory…

CHAPTER 41 The Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland produces the prohormone tetraiodothyronine (T4) and the active hormone triiodothyronine (T3). Synthesis of T4 and T3 requires iodine, which can be a…