Elements of Renal Function
CHAPTER 32 Elements of Renal Function OVERVIEW OF RENAL FUNCTION The kidney presents in the highest degree the phenomenon of sensibility, the power of reacting to various stimuli in a…
PHYSIOLOGY
Elements of Cardiac Function
CHAPTER 16 Elements of Cardiac Function ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF THE HEART The cells of the heart, like neurons, are excitable and generate action potentials. These action potentials initiate contraction and…
The Male and Female Reproductive Systems
CHAPTER 43 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems The two most basic components of the reproductive system are the gonads and the reproductive tract. The gonads (testes and ovaries) perform…
Mechanical Properties of the Lung and Chest Wall: Static and Dynamic
CHAPTER 21 Mechanical Properties of the Lung and Chest Wall: Static and Dynamic Lung mechanics is the study of the mechanical properties of the lung and the chest wall (which…
The Special Senses
CHAPTER 8 The Special Senses The evolution of vertebrates shows a trend called cephalization in which special sensory organs develop in the heads of animals, along with the corresponding development…
Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System
CHAPTER 19 Integrated Control of the Cardiovascular System REGULATION OF CARDIAC OUTPUT AND BLOOD PRESSURE Four factors control cardiac output: heart rate, myocardial contractility, preload, and afterload (Fig. 19-1). Heart…
Organization of Motor Function
CHAPTER 9 Organization of Motor Function Movements are the major way that we interact with the world. Most of our activities, whether running, reaching, eating, talking, writing, or reading, ultimately…
Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism
CHAPTER 38 Hormonal Regulation of Energy Metabolism This chapter considers the role of hormones in maintaining a constant supply of energy to cells in the body during the digestive and…
Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature
CHAPTER 18 Regulation of the Heart and Vasculature REGULATION OF HEART RATE AND CONTRACTILITY Cardiac output is defined as the quantity of blood pumped by the heart each minute. Cardiac…
Skeletal Muscle Physiology
CHAPTER 12 Skeletal Muscle Physiology Muscle cells are highly specialized cells for the conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy. Specifically, muscle cells use the energy in ATP to generate…
