Disorders of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System John M. Carson Matthew K. Abramowitz Manish P. Ponda Thomas H. Hostetter The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been conserved through evolution and is present in…
Disorders of Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone Activity Mordecai M. Popovtzer Serum Calcium Concentration The calcium ion is essential to any physiologic phenomena, including preservation of the integrity…
Normal and Abnormal Magnesium Metabolism Laurence Chan Magnesium is the fourth most common cation in the human body, and it plays a critical role in many metabolic processes, including production…
Inflammatory and Reactive Lesions Syed A. Hoda FAT NECROSIS Mammary fat necrosis may occasionally result from incidental trauma; however, presently, the most common causes are previous needling procedures (such as…
Disorders of Potassium Metabolism Biff F. Palmer Thomas D. DuBose Jr. Introduction Potassium plays a key role in maintaining cell function. All cells possess the ubiquitous Na+/K+ ATPase exchanger, which…
Embryology, Development, Histology, and Physiologic Morphology Syed A. Hoda EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT The mammary glands develop from mammary ridges (so-called milk lines). The latter are thickenings of the epidermis that…
Alopecia in Lymphoproliferative Disorders Cecilia Larocca Lynne J. Goldberg INTRODUCTION Alopecia is an uncommon presentation in patients with cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders, and, when present, can provide clinicians with insight into…
Cutaneous Adverse Reactions to Chemotherapeutic Agents Grant F. McKinley Maeve C. Maher Alejandro A. Gru Benjamin H. Kaffenberger REACTIONS TO CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC REGIMENS Advances in cancer therapy have given rise to…
Hematopoietic Neoplasms of Skin in Children Samir B. Kahwash Patricia M. Witman Alejandro A. Gru There are several unique aspects of pediatric tumors in general, and hematopoietic neoplasms in particular,…
Ocular Lymphoproliferative Disorders Juan O. Croxatto Carolina M. Gentile INTRODUCTION The “ocular adnexum” is the comprehensive name for those tissues that sustain and give strength to the globe, including the…
