Radius and Ulna
Radius and Ulna Vidyadhar Upasani Henry Chambers INTRODUCTION Forearm fractures, especially about the wrist, are among the most common pediatric injuries. When a child falls off a bike, scooter, or…
PATHOLOGY & LABORATORY MEDICINE
Tibia and Fibula
Tibia and Fibula Andrew Pennock Maya Pring INTRODUCTION Tibia and fibula shaft fractures heal so much more readily in children than in adults that they should be a joy to…
Medullary Carcinoma
Medullary Carcinoma Frederick C. Koerner As classically described, medullary carcinoma is a well-circumscribed carcinoma composed of poorly differentiated cells with scant stroma and a prominent lymphoid infiltrate. The term atypical…
Tubular Carcinoma
Tubular Carcinoma Edi Brogi Tubular carcinoma (TC) is a highly differentiated invasive ductal carcinoma composed of at least 90% simple monostratified neoplastic tubules with low-grade cytologic atypia (1). TC constitutes…
Proteinuria and Nephrotic Syndrome
Proteinuria and Nephrotic Syndrome Shubha Ananthakrishnan George A. Kaysen The ability of the kidney to retain plasma proteins is essential for life. Normal serum protein concentration is of the order…
Fibroepithelial Neoplasms
Fibroepithelial Neoplasms Edi Brogi SCLEROSING LOBULAR HYPERPLASIA (FIBROADENOMATOID MASTOPATHY) Clinical Presentation Sclerosing lobular hyperplasia (SLH) occasionally forms a localized tumor (1,2) and may be associated with tenderness. Age Patient age…
Obstructive Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Management
Obstructive Nephropathy: Pathophysiology and Management Kevin P. G. Harris Introduction Urine that is produced by the kidney is conveyed to the urinary bladder by the renal pelvis and ureter. This…
The Kidney in Hypertension
The Kidney in Hypertension Diana I. Jalal Charles R. Nolan Robert W. Schrier Global Burden of Hypertension Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death in economically developed countries…
Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management
Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management Charles L. Edelstein Acute kidney injury (AKI) (defined as an increase in serum creatinine >0.5 mg/dL) occurs in 1% of hospital admissions (1),…
Specific Infections
Specific Infections Syed A. Hoda A wide variety of microbial infections caused by bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses can afflict the breast. Most forms of infectious mastitis are a manifestation…
