Primary Graft Failure Anna Sienko Primary graft failure of a transplanted lung may be due to donor, recipient, or surgical factors. Ischemia-reperfusion injury with activation of recipient innate immunity usually…

Transplant-Related Infections Anna Sienko Lung transplant patients are susceptible to opportunistic infections, and more than 50% experience one or more episodes of infection resulting in increased morbidity and occasional fatality….

Chronic Lung Transplant Rejection Anna Sienko Late airway rejection (chronic rejection) is usually seen in late post-transplant patients (months to years) and is the most common cause of morbidity and…

Complications Involving the Anastomosis Anna Sienko Bronchial and vascular anastomotic complications usually occur within a week of lung transplantation, with patients demonstrating increased dyspnea, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and hypoxia. Ischemic…

Antibody-Mediated (Hyperacute and Humoral) Rejection of the Transplanted Lung Anna Sienko Roberto Barrios Hyperacute rejection and humoral rejection are antibody-mediated forms of rejection that are recognized in other solid organ…

Acute Lung Transplant Rejection Anna Sienko Acute allograft rejection is defined as a cell-mediated process characterized by perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate composed of T-cells. Most lung transplant recipients experience at…

Viruses Diagnosis of pulmonary viral infections can be made on cytologic or histologic specimens based on the virus-induced cytopathic changes. Confirmation by viral culture in equivocal cases is essential. Viral…

Bacteria Bacterial pneumonia may be primary within the lung or may be secondary to hematogenous dissemination from bacterial infection at another site. The virulence of the bacteria, host immunity, and…

Agents of Biologic and Chemical Warfare Biologic and chemical agents have been weaponized to produce diseases. Many of these agents are not commonly encountered by clinicians or pathologists in their…

Mycobacteria Mycobacterial infections include tuberculosis, a historic and very important infection found worldwide, and atypical mycobacterial infections. Tuberculosis is the most important infectious disease in the developing countries, transmitted by…