Introduction Genetic influences on addictive substance use vary across developmental stages of life. When an individual initiates substance use (i.e., experiments with drugs), environmental factors have a greater impact on…
Overview of Striatal Circuits The striatum is a major brain nuclei in the basal ganglia (BG) system. The BG consists of set of corticobasal ganglia-cortical loops, which are a series…
Introduction Addiction to drugs of abuse is a chronically relapsing disorder characterized by a compulsion to take the drug, loss of control of intake, and the development of a negative…
Pain not only hurts. Pain can also lead to anxiety and depression, and patients with anxiety and depression experience pain more strongly and are more likely to develop chronic pain….
Introduction Amphetamine (AMPH) and AMPH-type psychostimulants (e.g., methamphetamine, MDMA) are the second most widely abused illicit drug worldwide. Prescription psychostimulants like d -AMPH (Adderall) and methylphenidate (Ritalin) remain widely prescribed…
Acknowledgments Dr. Leggio’s work is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) intramural funding ZIA-AA000218 ( Section on Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology ), and jointly supported by the Division of…
Introduction Early demonstrations that drugs could serve as reinforcers, maintaining operant behavior in laboratory animals, led to the development of a model of human substance use disorder ( Box 6.1…
Acknowledgments We thank Corinne Lim for her expert contribution to the literature and cross-checking of the citations to the literature. Introduction Diagnosis and classification are ways in which we make…
Introduction The United States federal government takes an active role in setting and implementing drug-control policy, directly and in concert with state and local authorities and with international partners—even as…
Acknowledgments The research and writing of this article were partially supported by a grant from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Drug Abuse, entitled “Current Smokers: A Phenomenological…
