As a reasonable generalization the microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy, and peripheral neuropathy) are markedly influenced by good blood glucose control, while the macrovascular complications (myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral vascular…

One clinical challenge posed by gastrointestinal (GI) tract symptoms is to distinguish the so-called “functional” (nonpathologic) from the “organic” (structural or pathologic) disorders, since some patients have hyperawareness of normal…

Arthritis and tendinitis can easily be distinguished on physical examination. Tendinitis is painful on active movement but not on passive manipulation of the joint. Arthritis, on the other hand, is…

When the hemoglobin (Hgb) falls below 4 g/dL the palmar creases lose their pink color, a hallmark of severe anemia. Shortness of breath is an underappreciated manifestation of moderate to…

The underlying hemodynamic abnormality in heart failure is an increase in ventricular end diastolic pressure. Many descriptors have been applied to the failing heart based on the presumed underlying physiology:…