17 Monitoring auditory evoked potentials during neuro-otologic surgery CLINICAL PROBLEM Intra-operative monitoring of CM and AP can record objectively the results of stapedectomy operations at every step of the procedure….

12 ERA in hearing screening in neonates and infants CLINICAL PROBLEM There is general agreement about the desirability of early detection and management of hearing loss. Even a comparatively mild…

8 Middle-latency responses (MLR) INTRODUCTION Middle-latency responses (MLR) recorded from the scalp have latencies in the range 10–50 ms. Some of the potentials are of myogenic origin, and most respond…

15 ERA in neuro-otologic diagnosis CLINICAL PROBLEM The ERA tests are valuable in differentiating cochlear from retrocochlear hearing loss, confirming lesions, and detecting unsuspected retrocochlear pathology (Robinson & Rudge 1983)….

13 ERA in the ‘difficult-to-test child’ CLINICAL PROBLEM Until the infant is 4 months of age, the quality of the auditory responses is little dependent on mental development, and only…

10 Other long latency responses GENERATORS Of these other responses, the one that is most useful in the auditory field is the vertex positive component P3 or P300 with a…

18 Electrically evoked potentials in cochlear stimulation CLINICAL PROBLEM Population Electrical stimulation of the cochlear nerve with unipolar and bipolar electrode systems has been devised as a cochlear prosthesis in…

11 Comparative assessment of ERA threshold techniques In order to apply the numerous ERA techniques appropriately, it is important to know their comparative merits in particular clinical situations. The clinical…

9 The slow vertex response (SVR) INTRODUCTION The slow vertex response (SVR), or V potential, arises from the cortical structures. Its main clinical application is in threshold estimation. It is…