– Nutrition
Caloric need – approximately 20–25 calories/kg/day Calories: Fat 9 calories/g Protein 4 calories/g Oral carbohydrates 4 calories/g Dextrose 3.4 calories/g Nutritional requirements for average healthy adult male • 20% protein calories…
GENERAL SURGERY
– Parathyroid
Superior parathyroids – 4th pharyngeal pouch; associated with thyroid complex • Found lateral to recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs), posterior surface of superior portion of gland, above inferior thyroid artery Inferior parathyroids…
– Fluids and Electrolytes
Roughly ⅔ of the total body weight is water (men); infants have a little more body water, women have a little less ⅔ of water weight is intracellular (mostly muscle)…
– Inflammation and Cytokines
Injury – leads to exposed collagen, platelet-activating factor release, and tissue factor release from endothelium Platelets bind collagen – release growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF]); leads to PMN and…
– Anesthesia
INHALATIONAL INDUCTION AGENTS MAC – minimum alveolar concentration = smallest concentration of inhalational agent at which 50% of patients will not move with incision • Small MAC → more lipid soluble…
– Anal and Rectal
Left lateral, right anterior, and right posterior hemorrhoidal plexuses External hemorrhoids cause pain when they thrombose • Distal to the dentate line, covered by sensate squamous epithelium; can cause pain, swelling,…
– Hematology
NORMAL COAGULATION Three initial responses to vascular injury: vascular vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion, and thrombin generation Intrinsic pathway: exposed collagen + prekallikrein + HMW kininogen + factor XII ↓ activate XI…
– Neurosurgery
CIRCLE OF WILLIS Vertebral arteries – come together to form a single basilar artery, which branches into 2 posterior cerebral arteries Posterior communicating arteries – connect middle cerebral arteries to…
