Chapter 15 Adrenal exhaustion Tini Gruner, ND, MSc, PhD AETIOLOGY Stress Hans Selye, in 1935, was the first to develop a theory of stress. When he imposed different types of…

Chapter 28 Autoimmunity Joanne Bradbury, ND, BNat (Hons) OVERVIEW Autoimmunity is a normal event, while autoimmune diseases result from an aberration of this normal phenomenon.1 Autoimmune diseases are characterised by…

Chapter 16 Diabetes type 2 Tini Gruner, ND, PhD, MSc AETIOLOGY Diabetes type 2, in contrast to type 1, is a lifestyle disease. It has become a public health burden…

Appendix 4 Laboratory reference values The reference values and ranges for these blood tests are given in the system of international units (SI) and are based on guidelines from the…

Chapter 25 Inflammatory skin disorders—atopic eczema and psoriasis Amie Steel, ND, MPH AETIOLOGY Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is most frequently diagnosed in infancy, but may continue through the adult years.1 It…

Chapter 36 Human immunodeficiency virus Jennifer Hillier, ND AETIOLOGY Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; see Figure 36.1) is the infective agent behind the spectrum of symptoms involving the immune system and…

Chapter 14 Insomnia Jerome Sarris, ND, MHSc, PhD AETIOLOGY, CLASSIFICATION AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Periods of sleep disturbance due to acute stress or environmental change are common human experiences. The diagnostic DSM-IV…

Chapter 20 Polycystic ovarian syndrome Jon Wardle, ND, MPH CLASSIFICATION AND AETIOLOGY Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a term to describe a constellation of clinical and biochemical features. For many…

Chapter 26 Benign prostatic hypertrophy Kieran Cooley, ND, MSc AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY While benign prostatic hypertrophy of the prostate (BPH) (or more accurately benign prostatic hyperplasia) and erectile dysfunction (ED)…

Chapter 27 Recurrent urinary tract infection Michelle Boyd, ND AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY A urinary tract infection (UTI) is by simplest definition an infection that affects any part of the urinary…