HIV for the Primary Care Physician
HIV for the Primary Care Physician Wendy S. Armstrong, Marisa Tungsiripat DEFINITION AND CAUSES Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects primarily CD4+ T helper cells. Depletion of…
GENERAL SURGERY
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Sherif B. Mossad DEFINITION AND CAUSES Upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a nonspecific term used to describe acute infections involving the nose, paranasal sinuses, pharynx,…
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Irritable Bowel Syndrome Katherine Freeman Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is common in the general population and has a significant medical and socioeconomic impact. Its pathophysiology is still not entirely clear,…
Cardiovascular Emergencies
Cardiovascular Emergencies Hataya Poonyagariyagorn, Matthew Hook, Deepak L. Bhatt Cardiovascular emergencies are life-threatening disorders that must be diagnosed quickly to avoid delay in treatment and to minimize morbidity and mortality….
Cardiac Risk Stratification for Noncardiac Surgery
Cardiac Risk Stratification for Noncardiac Surgery Mazen K. Khalil, Wael A. Jaber One of the most common questions posed to physicians is about assessment of the cardiac risks of noncardiac…
Prevention and Treatment of Leg and Foot Ulcers in Diabetes Mellitus
Prevention and Treatment of Leg and Foot Ulcers in Diabetes Mellitus Allan Boike, Michael Maier, Daniel Logan DEFINITION An ulcer is defined as a breakdown in the skin that may…
Erectile Dysfunction
Erectile Dysfunction Milton Lakin Since the 1990s, there has been increasing recognition that erectile dysfunction is a common problem. Although many patients come to their general practitioner’s or internist’s office…
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes
Microvascular Complications of Diabetes Robert Zimmerman DEFINITION The microvascular complications of diabetes encompass long-term complications of diabetes affecting small blood vessels. These classically have included retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Retinopathy…
Pigmentary Disorders
Pigmentary Disorders Apra Sood, Kenneth J. Tomecki Normal skin color depends on melanin, hemoglobin (oxidized and reduced), and carotenoids. Melanin is the major color determinant and is responsible for variations…
