The term “immunity” in a biologic context has historically referred to resistance to pathogens; however, reactions to some noninfectious substances including harmless environmental molecules, tumors, and even unaltered host components…
The following list includes selected CD molecules that are referred to in the text. Many cytokines and cytokine receptors have been assigned CD numbers, but we refer to these by…
The survival of multicellular organisms requires mechanisms for defense against microbial infections and the elimination of damaged and necrotic cells. The mechanisms that evolved first in invertebrates and persist in…
T lymphocytes perform multiple functions in defending against infections by various kinds of microbes. A major role for T lymphocytes is in cell-mediated immunity , which provides defense against infections…
Methods of Safe Handling of Radionuclides and Pertaining Rules and Regulations Any use of radionuclides is fraught with the danger of inadvertently exposing an individual to radiation, and therefore to…
Biologic Effects of Radiation and Risk Evaluation from Radiation Exposure Interaction of radiation with biologic systems results in a variety of biologic changes that can be either deleterious or benign….
Detectability or Final Contrast in an Image An imaging devise should ideally detect the smallest possible localized or focal abnormalities (lesions) that may be present in an organ. Because of…
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) In this chapter, we elaborate on the principles of PET, including instrumentation, relevant physical phenomena and corrections in image reconstruction, and quality assurance. As was discussed…
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography This chapter provides an in-depth overview of SPECT, including instrumentation, quality assurance, as well as compensation methods for image reconstruction. Two overall methods for data acquisition…
