Coma Coma results from sustained impairment of awareness of self and of the environment. It can simply be defined as a state of unconsciousness or numerically categorised as a GCS…

Chest Pain Chest pain is a common presenting symptom of disorders that can range from trivial to life-threatening. Causes Cardiovascular • Angina • Myocardial infarction • Pericarditis • Acute aortic dissection Gastrointestinal • Reflux oesophagitis…

Breast Pain Pain in the breast is a common symptom in general surgical practice. Most cases are benign and due to cyclical mastalgia, but occasionally pain may be the presenting…

Backache Backache is one of the most common complaints seen in general practice and orthopaedic clinics. It accounts for about 20% of referrals to orthopaedic clinics. Most causes are either…

Abdominal Swellings Abdominal swellings may be divided into generalised and localised swellings. Abdominal swellings are a common surgical problem. They are also frequently the subject of examination questions! Generalised swellings…

Arm Pain This section deals with pain in the upper limb unrelated to joint pains. The majority of causes of arm pain are related to either neurological or vascular lesions….