Hypertension
8 Hypertension Instruction This patient has hypertension; would you like to examine her? Salient features History • Chest pain or shortness of breath • Intermittent claudication • Headaches or visual…
GENERAL & FAMILY MEDICINE
Mitral stenosis
1 Mitral stenosis Instruction This patient developed shortness of breath and orthopnoea during pregnancy, please examine. This 55-year-old patient has atrial fibrillation, please do the relevant clinical examination. Salient features…
Aortic regurgitation
4 Aortic regurgitation Instruction Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Asymptomatic (but may have normal or depressed left ventricular function) • Dyspnoea and…
Mixed mitral and aortic valve disease
7 Mixed mitral and aortic valve disease Instruction Examine this patient’s precordium. Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features • Pulse may be small volume (from…
Mixed aortic valve lesion
6 Mixed aortic valve lesion Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Examine this patient’s cardiovascular system. Examine this patient’s pulse. Salient features • Pulse may be bisferious, small volume or large…
Mitral regurgitation
2 Mitral regurgitation Instruction Examine this patient’s heart. Salient features History • Asymptomatic or mild symptoms: often • Shortness of breath (from pulmonary congestion) • Fatigue (from low cardiac output)…
Mixed mitral valve disease
3 Mixed mitral valve disease Instruction Listen to this patient’s heart. Salient features • The patient will have signs of both mitral stenosis and regurgitation. • The candidate will be…
Drug therapy and poisoning
16 Drug therapy and poisoning Questions Question 1 How should the body surface area be calculated when giving drugs for which doses are given per square metre of body surface…
Cardiovascular disease
13 Cardiovascular disease Questions Question 1 What is the Bernheim effect and the reverse Bernheim effect? Question 2 Kindly explain why the left side of the heart is more prone…
Water, electrolytes and acid-base balance
12 Water, electrolytes and acid-base balance Questions Question 1 1. Why do conditions that cause retention of sodium, such as cardiac failure, result in low serum sodium? 2. What is…
